Cypriot syllabary.html



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Cypriot
Type	Syllabary
Spoken languages	Cypriot Greek, Eteocypriot
Time period	11th–4th centuries BCE
Parent systems	Linear A  → Cypro-Minoan   → Cypriot
ISO 15924	Cprt
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The Cypriot syllabary is a syllabic script used in Iron Age Cyprus, from ca. the 11th to the 4th centuries BCE, when it was replaced by the Greek alphabet. A pioneer of that change was king Evagoras of Salamis. It is descended from the Cypro-Minoan syllabary, in turn a variant or derivative of Linear A.

Origin

The island of Cyprus has always been known to possess its own script during the classical period. The Cypriot Syllabary however, only refers to the script used during iron age Greece. The script used during bronze age Greece is generally known as Cypro-Minoan script. ¹ Most texts using the script are in the Arcadocypriot dialect of Greek, but some bilingual (Greek and Eteocypriot) inscriptions were found in Amathus. According to classicists of the 19th century, the historical reason for the bilingual inscriptions was that Greek speakers fleeing the Trojan War brought Greek to Cyprus. ²

Evolution

It has been established that the Cypriot Syllabary is derived from the Linear A script and most probably, the Minoan writing system. The most obvious change is the disappearance of ideograms, which were frequent and represented a significant part of Linear A. ³ The earliest inscriptions of this script is found on clay tablets. Parallel to the evolution of cuneiform, the signs soon became simple patterns of lines. There are some evidence of a semitic influence due to trade, but this pattern seemed to have evolved as the result of habitual use. ¹

Structure

The structure of Cypriot Syllabary is very similar to that of Linear B. This is due to their common origin and underlying language (albeit different dialects). ¹ The Cypriot script contains 56 signs. ² There are five basic vowels a, e, i, o, u which form groups of signs by prefixing a consonant in front. For example, ka, ke, ki, ko, ku etc. These signs generally represent a syllable within the spoken dialect. Hence, it is classified as a syllabic writing system. ³ Because each sign stands not for a consonant C, but for a consonant with an inherent vowel, the Cypriot syllabary is also a so-called 'open' syllabary. ²

Differences between Cypriot Syllabary and Linear B

The main difference between the two lies not in the structure of the syllabary but the use of the symbols. Final consonants in the Cypriot Syllabary are marked by a final, silent e. For example, final consonants, n, s and r are noted by using ne, re and se. Groups of consonants are created using extra vowels. Dipthongs, such as ae, au, eu and ei, are spelled out completely. In addition, nasals sounds which occur before another consonant are omitted completely. ¹ Compare Linear B 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 (a-to-ro-qo) to Cypriot 𐠀𐠰𐠦𐠡𐠩 (a-to-ro-po-se), both forms of standard ἄνθρωπος (anthrōpos) "human." One other minor difference involves the representation of the manner of articulation. In the Linear B script, liquid sounds /l/ and /r/ are covered by one series, while there are separate series for the dentals /d/ and /t/. In the Cypriot syllabary, /d/ and /t/ are combined whereas /l/ and /r/ are distinct.³

Paleography

There are minor differences in the forms of the signs used in different sites. ¹ However, the syllabary can be subdivided into two different subtypes based on area: the “Common” and the South-Western or “Paphian”. ³ However, no detailed analysis between the two exists.

Decipherment

The script was deciphered in 19th century by G. Smith due to a Phoenician-Cypriot bilingual inscription. About 1000 inscriptions in the Cypriot Syllabary have been found throughout many different regions. However, these inscriptions vary greatly in length and credibility. ³ Most inscriptions found are dated to be around the 6th century. Unfortunately, there are no inscriptions known to be before the eighth century. Most of the tablets found are from funerary monuments and contained no useful information but name of the deceased. A few dedicatory inscriptions were also found but of very little contribution to decipherment. The most important tablets are mainly found in Enkomi and Paphos.

Enkomi

The earliest known inscription from Cyprus was discovered at Enkomi in 1955. It was a part of a thick clay tablet with only three lines of writing. Although some of the writing was distinctly different from any other Greek writing systems, epigraphers immediately saw a resemblance. Because the date of the fragment was found to be around 1500 BCE, considerably earlier than Linear B, linguists determined that the Cypriot Syllabary was derived from Linear A and not Linear B. Several other fragments of clay tablets were also found in Enkomi. They date to a later period, around the late 13th or 12th century BCE. The script found on these tablets has considerable evolved and the signs have become simple patterns of lines. Linguists named this new script as Cypro-Minoan Syllabary. ¹

Paphos

Paphos is located in the south-west region of Cyprus. It houses the temple of Aphrodite, also known as “the Cyprian Goddess.” From this area, archeologists found many of the later Cypriot syllabic scripts. In fact, the region Paphos held the most significant contribution to the decipherment of Cypriot Syllabary – the Tablet of Idalium. It is a large bronze tablet with long inscriptions on both sides. ¹ The Tablet of Idalium is dated to about 480-470BCE. Excluding a few features in morphology and vocabulary, the text is a complete and well understood document. It details a contract made by the king Stasicyprus and the city of Idalium with the physician Onasilus and his brothers. ³ As payment for the physicians’ care for wounded warriors during a Persian siege of the city, the king promises them certain plots of land. This agreement is put under the protection of the goddess Athena. ³

Recent Discoveries

Recent discoveries include a small vase dating back to the beginning of 5th century and a broken marble fragment in Paphian (Paphos) script. The vase is inscribed on two sides, providing two lists of personal names with Greek formations. The broken marble fragment describes a fragment of an oath. This inscription often mentions King Nicocles, the last king of Paphos and includes some important words and expressions. ³

Future Prospects

The number of discoveries of new inscriptions has increased, but unfortunately, most of the new discoveries have been short or bears only a few signs. One example includes a small clay ball. ¹

Unicode

References

External links

• Omniglot.com - Cypriot Syllabary
• Ancientscripts.com - Cypriot

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